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The fundamental objective of all wastewater treatment operations is to remove undesirable constituents present in wastewater and consolidate these materials for further processing and disposal. Solids removed by wastewater treatment processes include screenings and grit, naturally floating materials called scum, and the removed solids from primary and secondary clarifiers called sewage sludge. This...
With the increasing generation of sewage sludge, its proper handling and disposal play a critical role in protecting our environment. Sustainable sludge treatment and management depend on controlling the quantity, quality, and characteristics of biosolids in favor of efficient sludge handling and biosolids beneficial use. One of the ultimate goals in the treatment is to convert sludge into biosolids...
This chapter deals with processes for biosolids dewatering and septage treatment. Septage is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank or cesspool when it is cleaned. A selection of recent methods that show promising applications is presented. These include Expressor Press, Som-A-System, CentriPress, screw press, Sun Sludge System, wedgewater bed, vacuum-assisted bed, reed bed, biosolids-freezing...
This chapter introduces three areas of waste chlorination: (a) wastewater chlorination, (b) sludge-biosolids chlorination and stabilization, and (c) septage chlorination and stabilization. Each waste chlorination area further covers the subjects of process description, glossary, design considerations, operation considerations, process equipment, process control, design examples, and application examples.
Storage is an integral part of every wastewater solids treatment and disposal/reuse system, since it is necessary to ensuring that the system will be used to full capacity. Storage allows different processes to operate on schedules that best fit the overall system objectives and precludes the need to force all processes to operate on the same schedule. Recent emphasis on the control of wastewater...
In February 1993, United States federal standards for the use or disposal of biosolids (Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR], Part 503) were enacted. As required by the Clean Water Act Amendments, the United States Environmental Protection Agency developed a new regulation to protect public health and the environment from any reasonably anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants...
The controlled application of sewage sludge biosolids to cropland by subsurface injection or surface spreading is introduced in this chapter. Specifically, the land application process operation, design criteria, performance, application rates, staffing requirements, process monitoring, sensory observation, normal operating procedures, process control considerations, emergency operating procedures,...
Landfilling of biosolids is classified as one type of surface disposals presented in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under subpart C of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 503. This method offers the simplest solution to biosolids handling by concentrating the material in a single location and provides several benefits. To meet the requirement for biosolids landfilling,...
The current, managed process of disposal at sea, practiced by most nations worldwide, is in sharp contrast to practices, extending even as late as 1970, involving indiscriminant dumping, based largely on ignorance and an attitude that the ocean had unlimited resources and an unending capacity to absorb impact. If done in an environmentally acceptable manner, disposal at sea can be an attractive option,...
Thermal processes (drying, pyrolysis, and combustion) provide powerful means to reduce the volume and sanitize municipal solid wastes (MSW) and the resid ual solids of wastewater treatment. Solids removed by wastewater treatment processes include screenings and grit, floating materials (scum), and the concentrated solids from primary and secondary clarifiers (sewage sludge). This chapter reviews the...
Biosolids incineration management is described in this chapter. The first section provides an overview of the dewatering process, the air pollution control equipment, and rules and regulations applicable to the biosolids incineration facilities. Details of the incineration process, operational and design parameters, and management and troubleshooting of the multiple hearth furnace and the fluidized...
Utilization refers to the beneficial use of biosolids or biosolids by-products. Biosolids may be used as a soil amendment and a source of nutrients, a source of heat and work, and a source of other useful products that include waste treatment chemicals, landfill toppings, industrial raw materials, animal feed, and materials of construction. The following aspects of utilization are discussed: biosolids...
This chapter presents a methodology for process selection and design of biosolids management systems. Topics discussed include systems approach, process selection logic, approaches to sidestream management, the concept of sizing equipment, contingency planning, and other general design considerations such as energy conservation and cost-effective analysis.
With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a consistent system of units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors of this Handbook of Environmental Engineering series have used the British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. For the convenience of the readers around the world, this book provides a detailed Conversion Factors...
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